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Notes: List of Terminal Commands
List of Terminal Commands: Note: These were for Windows but some commands work on Mac/Linux). pwd print working directory hostname my comuter’s network name mkdir make a new directory cd change directory forward cd.. change to previous directory (or ‘cd../../..‘ to go back 3 times, etc.) ls list storage (list directory) ls -l -long listing (gives more info with the ‘-l’ flag option) rm remove a file rmdir remove directory rm -rf<dir> to force remove, if needed. pushd push directory popd pop directory cp copy a file or directory robocopy robust copy mv move (rename) a file or directory more (or cat) page through a file type print the whole…
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Network Monitoring–Advanced IP Networking–NETWORKING, SECURITY, & MORE ESSENTIALS—CompTIA Network+ (N10-007) NETWORK-PLUS Certification Prep Course Notes
Network Monitoring SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) SNMP uses (listens on) UDP port 161 or port 10161 when using TLS. SNMP–managed devices run an agent that talks with a N.M.S. (Network Management Station) (Note: A NMS can run on a virtual machine.) N.M.S. (Network Management Station) SNMPv1 is unencrypted, SNMPv2 added basic encryption, SNMPv3 added TLS encryption. (It’s ok if there are different versions on the same setup.) SNMP allows us to administer & manage network devices from a single source. SNMP Manager is the device that “talks with” SNMP devices. The SNMP Manager (usually a computer) runs the NMS (the interface that talks with the managed devices). The NMS…
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Managing The Network–Advanced IP Networking–NETWORKING, SECURITY, & MORE ESSENTIALS—CompTIA Network+ (N10-007) NETWORK-PLUS Certification Prep Course Notes
Managing The Network Managing Risk What is Risk Management? Security policies are documents with broad overview statements. Security controls provide more details. Procedures discuss specific implementation of policies. Security Policies Security Policies document to users how to access system resources and what is allowable and acceptable. Safety policies apply to the IT department, too! NDA’s, software licensing, & data restrictions need to be considered to protect an organization. A.U.P. (Acceptable Use Policy) What can people do with company equipment?? defines ownership; web-site access; access times; R.A.P. (Remote Access Policy) VPN usage; Authentication rules; Password Policy Complexity; Lockout IT Safety Policy Lifting equipment; Equipment handling; Spills; Procedures; License Restrictions Usage; Transfer;…
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Building a Real-World Network–Advanced IP Networking–NETWORKING, SECURITY, & MORE ESSENTIALS—CompTIA Network+ (N10-007) NETWORK-PLUS Certification Prep Course Notes
Building a Real-World Network Network Types Know the differences between all the “area network” acronyms. Geographical: LAN, WAN, CAN, MAN, Internet; Wireless: WLAN, PAN; Network Design Network design starts with assessing customer needs. Design considerations include documentation, compatibility with existing hardware & software. Bring in security early & make sure to assess external connectivity. Assess current networking infrastructure. Analyze existing network documentation. Assess wireless needs. Power Management UPS–Uninterruptible Power Supply A UPS is a battery back-up & should be used for short-term power loss. Power generators can be diesel or gas, and are used to maintain power for when electric power is not available. Dual power supplies and redundant circuitry…
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Mobile Networking–Advanced IP Networking–NETWORKING, SECURITY, & MORE ESSENTIALS—CompTIA Network+ (N10-007) NETWORK-PLUS Certification Prep Course Notes
Mobile Networking Cellular Technologies Mobile communication can use cellular towers which have a range of over 17 miles. Cellular WAN has developed several standards to handle data traffic. Mobile protocols include: HSPA–3G, HSPA+–4G, and LTE. WiMax–extension of Wi-Fi networks; uses the 802.16 standard for more range than the 802.11 standard. HSPA (High Speed Packet Access)–single Mbps range 3G technology. HSPA+–multiple Mbps range; considered a 4g technology. LTE–ten’s of Mbps range; 4G technology. Tethering–using the cell phones signal to get other devices online. Can be wired or wireless (hotspot). Mobile Connectivity ANT/ANT+ are used for health applicances (e.g.-monitoring; workout equipment; heart-rate monitors; watches), run in 2.4GHz band, range is 20-30 meters,…
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Virtualization & Cloud Computing–Advanced IP Networking–NETWORKING, SECURITY, & MORE ESSENTIALS—CompTIA Network+ (N10-007) NETWORK-PLUS Certification Prep Course Notes
Virtualization & Cloud Computing Virtualization Basics Don’t confuse virtualization with emulation! Emulation uses software to imitate hardware. Virtualization uses a system’s actual hardware! Recognize the benefits of virtualization. There are two types of hypervisors: Type 1 (bare metal) Type 2 (hosted) Virtualization doesn’t pretend to be anything that it’s not! (Remember, virtualization uses a system’s actual hardware!) Virtualization saves power; & it consolidates hardware; & it makes system recovery easy, & it’s handy for IT research! Hypervisor–V.M.M. (Virtual Machine Monitory) the thing that manages & runs the Virtual Machine for us! Type 2 Hypervisor–runs on top of the host OS. Type 1 Hypervisor–runs directly on top of hardware, independent of…
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Wireless, Virtual, Cloud, & Mobile Networking–Advanced IP Networking–NETWORKING, SECURITY, & MORE ESSENTIALS—CompTIA Network+ (N10-007) NETWORK-PLUS Certification Prep Course Notes
Wireless, Virtual, Cloud, & Mobile Networking Wireless Networking (Note:Ad-hoc networks are Wi-Fi networks comprised only of peer computers.) Intro To 802.11–uses radio waves to transmit info between nodes. A WAP (Wireless Access Point) is a bridging device that connects into an Ethernet network & communicates via radio waves to wireless clients. A WAP has a SSID (Service Set Identifier), a word or phrase used to connect wireless devices to the WAP device. CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) is the method used to prevent wireless collisions. Almost all devices & gadgets today have wireless NICs built-in to them! 802.11 Standards Early wireless standards were 802.11b (2.4-GHz) and 802.11a…
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Remote Connectivity–Advanced IP Networking–NETWORKING, SECURITY, & MORE ESSENTIALS—CompTIA Network+ (N10-007) NETWORK-PLUS Certification Prep Course Notes
Remote Connectivity Telephony Technologies Original telephone systems used frequency division multiplexing; today they use time division multiplexing. T1 = 24 DSOs = runs at 1.544 (~1.5) Mbps T3 = 28 DS1s = runs at 44.736 (~45) Mbps [DS1–Digital Signal 1] E1 and E3 are European carriers 64 Kbps Frequency Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing A DS0 can carry 64 kilobits per second! DS1 (digital signal 1)–24 DS0 signals all going down the same wire. this is not Frequency, but Time Division Multiplexing, it uses block & frames, not frequencies. DS1 is just a signal type that runs on something called “T1”. “T1” is a specific type of cabling system. T1…
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IPv6–Advanced IP Networking–NETWORKING, SECURITY, & MORE ESSENTIALS—CompTIA Network+ (N10-007) NETWORK-PLUS Certification Prep Course Notes
IPv6 Intro To IPv6 IPv6 are 128-bits, have a MUCH larger address space than IPv4. IPv6 addresses have 8 segments separated by 7 colons. IPv6 allows data to move much faster through the internet. NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) IPv6 Addressing IPv6 addresses can be shortened by removing leading zeros, but be familiar with the rules. IPv6 addresses have 2 IP addresses: a link-local address & an Internet address. The 2nd part of the IPv6 address using EUI-64 is generated from the MAC address. Link-local address is automatically generated; Internet address is provided by local router. Link-local address starts fe80:0000:0000:0000 (1st four sets) Smallest IPv6 address you can have will be…
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Advanced IP Networking–NETWORKING, SECURITY, & MORE ESSENTIALS—CompTIA Network+ (N10-007) NETWORK-PLUS Certification Prep Course Notes
Advanced IP Networking Advanced Networking Devices Understand IP Tunneling Very few Internet protocols are encrypted! Tunnels can encapsulate unencrypted protocols to create encrypted communication channels. Tunnels are often used with remote access connections. A tunnel starts by making an encrypted connection between 2 computers. Tunnels are used to provide encryption where there normally isn’t any. They are used to encrypt unencrypted protocols. VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) A VPN creates a secure tunnel so a remote machine or network can be part of a local network. A ‘client-to-client‘ VPN connects a remote computer to a local network. A ‘site-to-site‘ VPN connects distant networks into a single network. Remote Connections Challenges LAN…
