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Physical Networking—NETWORKING ESSENTIALS—CompTIA A+ (220-1001) A-PLUS Certification Prep Course Notes
PHYSICAL NETWORKING Introduction to Networking LAN computers connect with Ethernet. (Local Area Network) Ethernet frames standardized as 1500 bytes A MAC address uniquely identifies a host on a LAN. (MAC-Media Access Control; a MAC is a 48-bit address; always manifested as 12 hexadecimal characters) Use ‘ipconfig’ (Windows) or ‘ifconfig’ (Linux) to view MAC. Example MAC address: xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx (the first 3 sets of pairs combined together are known as the OEM ID. Hubs vs. Switches Hubs repeat all traffic on LAN to all nodes (Hub = ‘dumb’ repeater) Switches filter traffic based on MAC address (Switch = smart repeater) Switches provide full bandwidth for all nodes Hexadecimal Hexadecimal (base 16) enables…
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Networking Notes—The Process Status Command, NETSTAT, & LSOF
The PS Command ps—the process status command, is used to provide info about currently running processes, including their process identification numbers (PID’s). A process, also referred to as a task, is an executing (running) instance of a program. Every process is assigned a unique PID by the system. The basic syntax is: ps [options] ex: ps -aux PS results in 4 items: PID, TTY (‘Terminal Type’, or ‘teletype’, TIME, & CMD. The ‘-aux’ parameter combinations shows: ‘-a’ option shows all user processes; ‘-a’ option tells ps to list the processes of all users on the system rather than just those of the current user, with the exception of group leaders…
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What is Hurricane Electric? Let’s Find Out Whilst Learning About Some Computer/Cyber Network Fundamentals!!!
Hurricane Electric (corporate website here) is a global Internet Service Provider (ISP), offering IP transit, colocation, dedicated servers, among other services, based in Fremont, CA, USA and founded in 1994. Referring to themselves an the “Internet Backbone and Colocation Provider”, Hurricane Electric operates its own global IPv4 and IPv6 network and is considered the largest IPv6 backbone in the world, as measured by the total number of customer networks connected and by the total number of customer prefixes announced.[2] Hurricane Electric IP Transit Network Hurricane Electric has connections ranging from multiple 10GigE (10,000 Mbps) to multiple 100GigE (100 Gbps) that form these rings that connect H.E. core routers. [NOTE: Gigabit…
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What is Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)?
Border Gateway Protocol is one of those foundational, core infrastructure protocols used by Internet users everyday but not top of mind for the average consumer or end-user. Border Gateway Protocol, or BGP, is a routing protocol. BGP is the primary protocol for the Internet, and is a Layer 4 Transport protocol that sits on top of TCP [2]. It’s purpose is to keep the various systems on the Internet up to date with the information needed to send and receive data traffic correctly. So, real quick in a nutshell, when information is sent around these Internets, it’s broken up into chunks of data called ‘packets’. Packets sent on the Internet…
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What is Equinix? And Why Are They So Important??
[NOTE!: This is an evolving post for my research purposes to learn more about Equinix, this backbone of the internet(s).] Equinix is probably one of the most important companies that most people have never heard of. Do a quick ‘man-on-the-street’ style survey asking passers-by of the Big 5 of Tech, and surely “Equinix” is not top of mind. Nonetheless, Equinix is arguably just as important as the more well-known tech titans, if not more so. Equinix is a multinational company that runs a global network of large, industrial-scale data centers on every continent with the exceptions of Africa and Antarctica. Equinix helps take all the necessary IT infrastructure demands of…
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A 3-Tiered Approach to Securing Your Home Network
Some tips running from basic to advanced, on how to approach securing your home network from Daniel Miessler. via Daniel Miessler
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Clubhouse App…the new “Drop-In Audio Chat” App Lighting Up the Tech Community…
I was able to start a Clubhouse account over the New Year weekend. Clubhouse is a new type of social product based on voice. The app that bills itself as a “Drop-in audio chat” social network. It allows people everywhere to talk, tell stories, develop ideas, deepen friendships, and meet interesting new people around the world. It takes a uniquely different and intriguing position in the social networking atmosphere, just when you may have thought any possible routes to the saturated market were exhausted. Initial thoughts… After hearing about the Clubhouse-app pop-up with recurring frequency in various media outlets recently , I tried it out, and I instantly “get-it”! The intrigue…
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5 Strategies for Reinventing Your Career in Uncertain Times…
This article from The Harvard Business Review is a great, quick read for these trepidatious times. It falls right in-line with the current trend of workers “digital-upskilling” and pivoting industries to take advantage of the on-going economic transformation. “Human beings are wired to avoid uncertainty — but no matter how hard you try, there’s no escaping it. Instead, it’s best to view uncertainty as an opportunity for growth, whether that means exploring new skills, a new job, or an entirely new career.” via Harvard Business Review Five Strategies for Reinventing Your Career in Uncertain Times:1. Explore a range of options — including the unthinkable.2. Imagine your best possible future.3. Build…
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Integrating Security Into Networking From The Ground Up…
This industry insight article from GCN discusses how moving forward, the convergence of security and networking will be needed to work together from an integrated perspective. As more of the workforce continues remote-work, the potential for attacks/threats/malicious actors increases and heightened security will continue to be of critical importance. Secure access service edge (SASE) and software-defined wide-area network (SD-WAN) technologies are designed to merge security and networking into a single, integrated solution that can rapidly and easily scale and adapt to expanding environments and requirements. These forward-leaning capabilities help agencies better plan for the future while ensuring security remains a top priority even amid ongoing changes. Traditional security solutions no…
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